Rehabilitation Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Rehabilitation Plan - Research Paper Example Leaders from different origin should come together and discuss to the public the importance of encouraging physical education among the youths as a tool for the advancement of economic, societal and personal health condition to an individual. Leaders need to improve the level of development and improve the relationship between the people in charge. Committed leaders also take into consideration the process of engaging with other stakeholders to discuss together major issues that need to be improved within their locality in a significant manner. On the other hand, leaders and their representatives need to conduct significant meetings within their communities due to the fact that they understand best their cultures and need to act as mediators to their subjects (SDCMHC, 2010). Committed leaders are always after stress free state to all members of the society. Mental health can be improved by the involvement in constructive activities that can be organized by leaders. Community leaders, however, need to organize good strategies for improving the ethnicity and cultural range by building, strengthening, developing and problem solving amongst members of the community. Through maintaining all these factors by a leader, both the youths and the adults will get an opportunity to improve their psychological nature of thinking and improvement of physical health by organizing tournaments for rehabilitation purposes. Both the CS4L and SDCMHC agreed that all should provide respect, training, development, employment opportunities and cultural competence to ensure positive production at all levels with regardless of color, race, origin, religion, sex, marital status, political differences and disability among others to foster rehabilitation processes within and between the members of the society (SDCMHC, 2010). Key leaders should be well conversant with the cultures of the community involved

Mussolinis successful rise to power by 1922 Essay Example for Free

Mussolinis successful rise to power by 1922 Essay Analyze the claim that Mussolinis successful rise to power by 1922 was largely a consequence of the impact of the First World War. Without a doubt, the role of the First World War in Mussolinis spectacular rise to power between 1920 and 1922 was considerable, for it was surely a strong catalyst for change and Italys renewal, meaning it gave way to many problematic economical and political aspects, which in turn gave Mussolini the chance to strike at the precise moment in order to have a direct affect on people and ergo win their support. These were aspects such as the damage of the foundations of Liberal Italy, which had as a consequence the rise of frustration within nationalists and the decrease in wages and increase in the level of unemployment in the country, all of which were obviously disastrous. Therefore, Italian people started to doubt their government, which seemed weak, and initiated a search for a new, stronger leadership which would bring to cease the social unrest and economic problems; to this, Fascism seemed like the perfect alternative and solution. Nevertheless, the impact of the First World War was just to certain extent the reason for Mussolinis rise to power, for there were many other factors affecting the path of Italy into a Fascist dictatorship. These other factors were the already mentioned weak liberal regime, nationalist dissatisfaction and social and economic unrest, as well as Mussolinis opportunism, the Fascists actions and the Kings (Victor Emmanuel) doings. Dealing first with the impact of the war and the numerous consequences it had, it is necessary to point out that it was the war that brought the distress among soldiers and their families, who consequently turned to Fascism as a comfort, which implicates that the war provided a great number of employers for Fascism who were from the elite troops of the Italian army, (or Arditi); this gave Mussolinis movement a great deal of prestige. The war also brought discontent within the Italian political system; this had an effect on million of Italians who started believing that the time of liberalism was finally over; a fact which greatly accelerated the process of the formation of new political parties, such as the Socialist party, and the Popolari (formed by catholic radicals). The formation of these new parties meant a heavy burden for the Liberal government, because with a new opposition and challenge their regime was in danger, nevertheless the Liberal State found itself in a high level of vulnerability seeing that it was incapable of mobilizing the economy with the purpose of eliminating the countrys economic troubles, and finding a way around its limited economic resources; this only provided the masses with new restlessness concerning their government, and ergo made them consider what seemed a more decisive power: Fascism, which seemed to have the key property to put an end to the domestic situation, which after the war was only deteriorating further; causing lifestyles to worsen for the majority of the Italian population, which was the main reason for the sense of social breakdown that was spreading throughout the country. To this, Giolitti could either see no solution, or simply did nothing to stop it, for the Liberal regime could not get rid of the social unrest which gave way to strikes of over 40000 workers. On the other hand, communism seemed to be growing in the form of a political power: the Socialist party, which was in great scale believed to be an enormous threat and therefore any show of strength from this party was greatly feared for it was thought that it might bring revolution. This encouraged most of the social classes to believe in Fascism as it posed as the savoir to this menace and as the defender of law and order. The adoption of this heroic image by the fascists could also be regarded as a degree of opportunism from Mussolinis character, for the tension that was created by the fear of Socialism of the industrialists (who feared revolution was near), small land owners (who were deeply hit by inflation and therefore felt that their government was a weak one), Industrial workers (who were threatened by the seizure of their jobs by the socialist forces) and rentiers created the perfect atmosphere for Mussolini to put into practice his skills and tactics. Mussolini successfully abused the fears of a Socialist takeover from these classes to enable them to consider Fascism not only as an alternative, but as a perfect answer to the request of a powerful and decisive government. Mussolini, to great extent, persuaded people to believe the above by the use of his extraordinary speaking skills, to which he integrated the ideas of bringing order, stability, commitment, discipline and a strong government to Italy; (which were the exact properties of a government that the Italian masses were seeking at the moment), as well as convincing the middle classes that liberalism was finished, (as already mentioned). Moreover, his astuteness served him in convincing people that they (fascists) were violent because it [was] necessary to be so (a direct line from a speech he makes after the murder of a socialist leader), meaning that he was doing what was necessary to complete the correction of Italy. While he convinced the masses that the atrocities committed by fascists were perfectly reasonable by saying that blood alone moves the wheels of history, he was simultaneously using this violent authority to secure political power for his own later use; this meant that the black-shirted actions squads were taking law into their own hands, and by doing so, they were eliminating all those who dared to oppose this fascist movement. To some degree, this use of intimidation was very effective, for it meant that fascism would gain support by force which was obviously directed by fear within the supporters. An example of this successful intimidation was the violent general elections where Fascism gained a considerable amount of seats due to the brutality used to achieve control. But although violence was greatly used, and regardless of the fact that it put Mussolini in position to threaten the state, Mussolini was aware of all the possible consequences that his actions could bring, such as provoking the conservatives to make the authorities crush the fascists if their use of violence went too far; this measure of consciousness made him a great politician. Furthermore, in contrast to the slow Liberal reaction, Fascists were fast to accept their role as the alternative to Socialism and dealt with the Social General Strike with great speed; and by putting a stop to the socialist threat they won many votes in the parliament and had an effective result in the support of Italians; on the other hand, the lack of reaction from the Liberals only showed their incompetence to restore law, order and public confidence in their regime; which in turn continued encouraging the urban educated classes to keep thinking that they were in the path towards a civil war, meaning that the sense of crisis in the circumstances had not yet ceased to exist. In addition, Mussolini exploited to the full the situation of the General Strike and thought of it as the opportune moment to oppose the communist threat and hence use the socialists failure to appeal to the people as a man whose intentions were to save Italy from its inadequate Liberal government and propose a new regime which would be the salvation of Italy. All the while, Mussolini used his character and skills at discourse to reassure to the Liberal government that fascism, unlike Socialism, was not to be feared, this could be regarded as another opportunist strike from Mussolinis part for it served him into luring Giliotti into thinking that Fascism (Mussolinis PFN) could be controlled and absorbed into the existing political regime, meaning the official government list of coalition partners, to form an anti-socialist government coalition. This would come to be one of the biggest mistakes from the Liberals side, for; of course, Mussolini used absorption to his advantage for it gave him a level of respectability as a political party and therefore allowed the Fascists to win more seats, this was a great occasion for Mussolini for he wanted to come to power through parliamentary means. Then again, as expected, this invitation by Giolitti to enter the coalition was the result of a loss of liberal maintained seats in the parliament; seats that were lost to the Socialist party. This situation in which Giolitti was forced to look towards coalitions for support is linked to when he had formed a coalition with the Popolari, which was a political party formed by radical Catholics. This, again, clearly shows the fundamental weakness of the Liberal government for it was completely dependant on this coalition to survive within the parliament and to ad to its already mentioned problems; this was a very problematic relationship because the Popolari were rather suspicious of the Liberals anti-clericalism. The fact that it was once before also dependent on the making of coalitions, the weaknesses of the Liberal Parliamentary System are shown to have been evident long before 1922. Likewise, a further great weakness that the Liberals possessed was the lack of political will to use their own power of violence against the Squadrisimo fascist squads in order to restrain them; and by being deficient in having this determination, the fascist squads continued to perform acts of violence which ensured the fascist to induce fear and therefore eliminate opposition by intimidation. Yet in contrary to all these factors affecting Mussolinis rise to power; his vagueness and lack of any definite political beliefs gave Mussolini a unique sense of ambiguousness, and due to this Mussolini was able to influence and manipulate people so that they would perceive fascism in the way he wanted the to; this opened many paths to Mussolini throughout his career as a politician. The actions of King, Victor Emmanuel, were also crucial in the process of Mussolinis rapid rise to power. This is mainly because the King could have stopped the fascist forces if only he had not been afraid of being replaced by his cousin, Aosta. He was afraid of this because he believed that his cousin, being a fascist sympathizer, would want to replace him if he dared to oppose Mussolini in any aspect. On the other hand, it is believed that the King believed Mussolinis claims that the Monarchy and Fascism could coexist and therefore acceded to his demands, and actually appointed him head of coalition government. On the other hand, it is also said that it was weakness which made the King give into fascism as easily, for he did not believe that anything could be done against fascism; that is was too strong. Nevertheless, it is also greatly believed that Fascism could have been destroyed in 1922, in the March on Rome, of only the King had been strong enough as to oppose Mussolini, because there was a great deal of disorganization within the Fascists, meaning there was a lack of planning of this supposedly great movement, plus Mussolini was under a immense amount of pressure (from the RAS), and was going through a great depression which made him somehow weaker and easier to defeat; and therefore the army could have easily stopped it if only orders have been transmitted to it. A counter argument for this claim that it was weakness which stopped the king from acting is that he thought that Italy was walking into a full-scale civil war, and therefore, to prevent it, he took no measures against Fasc ism, and that, in addition, in that time he was under a great deal of pressure, and ergo did not make what could have been the best decision. Another vital decision that the King took was to appoint Mussolini as Prime minister, although this decision could also be blamed on the weakness of the Liberal regime, because if it had not been so indecisive, the King would not have been forced to take this step towards a dictatorship, thus if the Liberal government had been more able, and had not underestimated Mussolini then the King would not have been under so much pressure and would have probably made a better decision than to appoint Mussolini as Prime Minister. But as we can see, the March on Rome, instead of leading to a disastrous moment in Mussolinis life as it could have; it was the catalyst to the rise of power of Mussolini, for it provided the exact amount of pressure the King needed to make Mussolini the youngest Prime Minister of Italy. With the above historical debate we can say that the First World War provided the necessary conditions for Mussolinis rise to power, however, these were not sufficient and therefore other affecting factors were eventually needed to complete his successful rise to power, such as the terribly weak Liberal government which enabled the Italian people to look elsewhere for strong leadership and ergo turn to Fascism as an alternative and solution to the Socialist threat, and the brilliant tactics that Mussolini uses as well as his great deal of opportunism which made him capable to turn disastrous situations to his advantage. Such as the Matteoti crisis which forced him to use his ability to speak in front of the masses and convince them of the justification for violence; he also benefited from this crisis by abusing the fact that all other forces in the parliament left hi alone and in control of it. Having said the above, it can be understood that Mussolinis rise to power was, as Richard Parrish describes: a multi-causal phenomenon.

Graduation Speech: What is Next? -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Ad

What is graduation? Some people would say that it's proof of the freedom we will soon experience. Some say that it's the end of the best years of our lives. Some would say that it's when we're forced to grow up and become adults. Some would say that it's just another day, no different than any other day, other than the scrolls, the funny outfits and the clapping. Some go into it silent, awaiting their chance to be recognized for their victory dance. Some use stupid comparisons to describe it by saying that it's like the opening of a new door or that it's like taking another step on the never-ending ladder of life. Some praise it, some dread it. Everyone has a different opinion, but there's one thing that we all agree on. There's one question on the back of all our minds that we worry about every time we think about this night. And that question is: What's next? There are a thousand things that can be compared to graduation, and some of them may be pretty accurate, but none of them can come close to the reality of what graduation really is. Graduation can't be described in words, other than it's an event 12 years in the making. We've waited 12 years, move than half our lives, to stand on a stage with a funny hat and robe, which if I'd see someone walking down the street wearing I'd throw something at them. But it's just really hard to think about. Twelve of our 18 years on this planet have been spend working towards this single night. From the building blocks in kindergarten, to kick and wallball in fourth and fifth grade. From standing in circles putting your arm around your girlfriend's waist in seventh and eighth grades, to pulling an all-nighter in Abbot's class in eleventh grade. It all prepares us. Now, the people I k... ...e questions that's on all of our minds: What is next? Well, what's next is up to us. It's up to us to accomplish those goals we set for ourselves. It's up to us to decide whether we'll choose stagnation or generativity. It's up to us to accept the reality of seriousness and the beauty that can be derived from it. And it's up to us to remember these past 12 years and move on to bigger and better things while at the same time remembering the experiences we've had with our friends and family, because these times are the best years of our lives. Everything else is just a remix. These times are the foundation of our lives, and just like a house is built up from the foundation, our lives will be built up from these past 12 years. I just made a corny graduation analogy, but I don't care. The feelings in this room tonight can't be put into words, but they can be remembered.

Minority Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today Essay

Summary of Paper The Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property of our democracy, several groups of people have, it seems, been marginalized and intimidated in such a way that their right to vote, as well as their effectiveness in elections, has been diminished. Stemming from conflicts during and following the Civil War, minority voters have consistently had to overcome immense obstacles to exercise the fundamental right, which was assured to them in the Constitution of the United States. Beginning with the use of incredibly violent and straight-foreword means, the suppression of the minority vote has morphed into something that is difficult to combat. Over time, as legislation has been introduced in an attempt to eliminate the intimidation of minorities, the methods utilized to intimidate have been forced to adapt and become stealthier. After the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the federal government was able to enforce keep discriminatory voting practices from going into effect in many states. Still then, the violations continued and the methods for suppressing minority voters only changed. Even today, certain groups are utilizing tactics such as voter legislation and voter marginalization to make minorities feel as if their votes do not count or that it is too difficult to cast a vote. Things such as voter identification laws, misleading informational campaigns, and intimidation are all tactics that have been utilized in the most recent American elections. In order to stop the spread of these tactics and ensure minority voters are guaranteed the rights of every other citizen, action must be taken in a variety of ways. Suppression of the Minority Vote The Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property ... ...r the ongoing problem. The only real long-term solution proposed would establish some sort of commission for voting equality, which would oversee all elections and electoral legislation, though such a commission would certainly be nearly impossible. Works Cited American Civil Liberties Union, â€Å"Reaffirmation or Requiem for the Voting Rights Act?† CBS News. N.p., 29 Oct. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . Election Protection. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . "G.O.P. to Expand 'Ballot Security' It Used in Jersey." New York Times. N.p., 9 Nov. 1981. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . "Voter Fraud and Voter Intimidation." United States Commission on Civil Rights. N.p., 13 Oct. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . "Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today." People for the American Way. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . Minority Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today Essay Summary of Paper The Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property of our democracy, several groups of people have, it seems, been marginalized and intimidated in such a way that their right to vote, as well as their effectiveness in elections, has been diminished. Stemming from conflicts during and following the Civil War, minority voters have consistently had to overcome immense obstacles to exercise the fundamental right, which was assured to them in the Constitution of the United States. Beginning with the use of incredibly violent and straight-foreword means, the suppression of the minority vote has morphed into something that is difficult to combat. Over time, as legislation has been introduced in an attempt to eliminate the intimidation of minorities, the methods utilized to intimidate have been forced to adapt and become stealthier. After the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the federal government was able to enforce keep discriminatory voting practices from going into effect in many states. Still then, the violations continued and the methods for suppressing minority voters only changed. Even today, certain groups are utilizing tactics such as voter legislation and voter marginalization to make minorities feel as if their votes do not count or that it is too difficult to cast a vote. Things such as voter identification laws, misleading informational campaigns, and intimidation are all tactics that have been utilized in the most recent American elections. In order to stop the spread of these tactics and ensure minority voters are guaranteed the rights of every other citizen, action must be taken in a variety of ways. Suppression of the Minority Vote The Government of the United States is one which exists on the belief that all citizens of the country should have an equal say in the function of the government. In essence, this means all eligible citizens are guaranteed the right to vote and that, according to legislation passed decades ago, it is a crime to hinder ones right to vote. Despite this fundamental property ... ...r the ongoing problem. The only real long-term solution proposed would establish some sort of commission for voting equality, which would oversee all elections and electoral legislation, though such a commission would certainly be nearly impossible. Works Cited American Civil Liberties Union, â€Å"Reaffirmation or Requiem for the Voting Rights Act?† CBS News. N.p., 29 Oct. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . Election Protection. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . "G.O.P. to Expand 'Ballot Security' It Used in Jersey." New York Times. N.p., 9 Nov. 1981. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . "Voter Fraud and Voter Intimidation." United States Commission on Civil Rights. N.p., 13 Oct. 2006. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. . "Voter Intimidation and Suppression in America Today." People for the American Way. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2014. .

Inchoate offences Essay

The word inchoate offence in ordinary sense means just begun or undeveloped. An inchoate can be defined as a preparation for committing a crime. The Inchoate offences can also be termed as preliminary crimes or anticipatory crimes. Inchoate offence â€Å"has been defined as conduct deemed criminal without actual harm being done provided that the harm that would have occurred is one the law tries to prevent†.. For an inchoate offence there must be Mens Rea and in some cases there must be Actus Reus also. If A after procuring a loaded gun fires at B but however B escapes, but even though A will be liable for punishment for attempting the offense. And also in above case there exists _Mens Rea_ and _Actus Reus_ but however it does not made any injury. This illustration can be categorized into an inchoate offence. Criminal liability is not limited to those people who succeed in committing it also exceeds to those who try to commit and offence whether they succeed or fails are not in question of matter. ‘The Indian Penal Code 1860 has accordingly made provision for the punishment of persons involved in such preparatory acts in order to prevent the crimes from being committed’.[1: Gaines, L. K., Kaune, M., & Miller, R. L. (2001). Criminal justice in action: The core. Australia: Wadsworth Pub.][2: Guar, K. D. (2008). Preliminary crimes. In criminal law: cases and materials (5th ed., p. 245). New Delhi, India: LexisNexis Butterworth’s.] _’Actus Non Facit Reum Nisi Mens Sit Rea_ insists that no criminal liability can generally be fastened to an individual for merely either having guilty mind or an evil design (_mens rea_) or committing a blame worthy prohibited act (_actus reus_ ) unaccompanied with the required culpable state of mind or requisite foresight of its evil consequences’.[3: Atchuthen, P. P., Suresh, V., & Nagasaila, D. (2012). Attempt. In PSA Pillai’s Criminal law (11th ed., p. 179). New Delhi, India: LexisNexis Butterworths.] According to English law the crime which penalise conduct before the commission of the crime are known as inchoate offences. Common law has developed the three types of inchoate offences such as attempt, conspiracy and incitement. It classify attempts as (where the defendant has taken steps â€Å"towards carrying out a complete crime†, incitement, where the defendant has encouraged others to commit a crime, and conspiracy, where the defendant has agreed with others to commit a crime. In each case, the defendant â€Å"has not himself performed the actus reus but is sufficiently close to doing so or persuading others to do so, for the law to find it appropriate to punish him†).[4: Inchoate offences in English law – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. . Retrieved March 29, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchoate_offences_in_English_law] TYPES OF INCHOATE OFFENCES I.CRIMINAL ATTEMT ‘Attempt in criminal law is an offense that occurs when a person comes dangerously close to carrying out a criminal act, and intends to commit the act, but does not in fact commit it’.’In English law, an attempt is defined as ‘doing an act which is more than merely preparatory to the commission of the offence’ according to the Criminal Attempts Act 1981†².Mainly there are three types of criminal attempt. The first one is a complete attempt that when a person takes every action required to commit a crime but fails to succeed it that is for example A after procuring a loaded gun fires at B but however B escapes , this is a complete attempt. Second one is an incomplete attempt. This is when a person abandons or is prevented from completing a crime due to an event beyond his control such as due to the arrival of police on the spot etc. can be categorised in this type. Next one is an impossible attempt. It arises when the convict makes a mistake in committing a crime for example firing the gun only to realize that it was not loaded.[5: Attempt – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. . Retrieved March 30, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempt][6: Herring, Jonathan (2013). Criminal Law Statutes 2011-2012. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.] ‘It can be drawn that criminal offenses by a person have four distinct stages. The formation of the intention to commit it; The preparations for commission of the contemplated crimes; The attempt to commit it ; If the third stage is successful, the commission of the intended crime.'[7: Atchuthen, P. P., Suresh, V., & Nagasaila, D. (2012). Attempt. In PSA Pillai’s Criminal law (11th ed., p. 177). New Delhi, India: LexisNexis Butterworths.] Among these, criminal law does not penalise the first two stages because it is not possible to look so deep into the mind of a person to prove his inner intention. In early times criminal attempt was not punished under common law or by Indian Penal Code 1960. This is because, ‘if the intention and the  preparation were made punishable it would be impossible to prove that the object of n accused was to commit an offense’.[8: Guar, K. D. (2008). preliminary crimes. In Criminal Law: Cases and Materials (5th ed., p. 263). New Delhi, India: LexisNexis Butterworths.] ‘Early common law did not punish attempts; the law of attempt was not recognised by common law until the case of _Rex v. Scofield_ in 1784’.[9: Lippmann M. (2010). Contemporary Criminal Law, 2nd Ed and Texas State Supplement for Lippmann’s Contemporary Criminal Law, 2nd Ed. Sage Pubns.] Mainly there exists three elements for a criminal attempt they are firstly an intention to commit a crime, secondly an act towards the commission of the crime and thirdly a failure to commit crime. CRIMINAL ATTEMPT UNDER THE INDIAN PENAL CODE 1860 Attempt to commit offences in general under s 511 of the IPC 1860; _Abhayanand Mishra v State of Bihar_ [10: AIR 1961 SC 1698] _Malkiat Singh v State of Punjab_[11: AIR 1970 SC 713] Attempt to commit capital offences , like murder , culpable homicide and robbery ;[12: Indian Penal Code 1860,ss 307, 308 and 309] _Om Prakash v State of Punjab_[13: AIR 1961 SC 1782] _Emperor v Vasudeo Balvant Gogte_[14: AIR1932 Bom 279] Attempt to commit suicide;[15: Indian Penal Code 1860, s 309] Attempt to commit crime against state, head of state, sediction etc.; [16: Indian Penal Code 1860,ss 121, 124, 124A ,125, 130 ,131, 152, 153A, 161 ,162 ,163 ,165 ,196, 198, 200, 213 ,239 ,240, 241 ,251 ,385 ,387 ,389, 391 ,397 ,398 and 460] MENS REA IN CRIMINAL ATTEMPT â€Å"_Mens Rea_ in inchoate offense is not merely a condition of fault. It is a component of the danger of criminal harm that determines the need for forceful intervention†. A criminal intention includes a dual intention , those are an individual must intentionally do an act that are proximate to completion of a crime and the other one is that an individual must possess the specific intent or purpose to achieve criminal objective.[17: Enker, A. N. (1977). Mens Rea and Criminal Attempt. Law and Social Inquiry-journal of The American Bar Foundation, 2(4), 845. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1977.tb00733.x] ACTUS REUS IN CRIMINAL ATTEMPT In criminal attempt, the objective approach requires an act that comes extremely close to the commission of the crime. It also distinguishes preparation or the planning and purchasing of the materials to commit a crime. And the objective approach stresses the danger posed by a defendant’s acts; the subjective approach focuses on the danger to society presented by a defendant who possesses a criminal intent. There also exists subjective approach to attempt focuses on an individual’s intent rather than on his or her acts. FIVE TESTSBY COURTS It is simple to say that an attempt to commit offence begins where preparation to commit it ends, but it is difficult to find out where one ends and the other begins. To solve this riddle various tests have been laid down by the courts. These are as follows: 1) The Proximity Test: – Proximity cause as explains is the causal factor which is closes, not necessarily in time or space, but in efficacy to some harmful consequences; in other words, it must be sufficiently near the accomplishment of the substantive offence. In Sudhir kumar Mukherjee v state of west Bengal and Abhayanand Mishra v The State Of Bihar, the Supreme Court explained the offence of attempt with help of the proximity test, saying that:-[18: AIR 1973 SC 2655][19: AIR 1961 SC 1698] â€Å"A person commits the offence of ‘attempt to commit a particular offence’ when- a) He intends to commit that particular offence; and b) He having made preparation with the intention to commit the offence, does an act towards its commission; such an act need not to be the penultimate act towards the commission of that offence but must be an act during the course of committing that offence. 2) The Locus Poenitentiae test:- The Latin expression speaks about time for repentance. In Locus Poenitentiae the word Locus means, a place,- a word frequently used to denote the place in or at which some material act or even such as crime, delict or breach of contract took place. Locus Poenitentiae means the opportunity to withdraw from a bargain before it has become fully Constituted and become binding. In simple language an act will amount to a mere preparation if a man on his own accord, before the criminal act is carried out, gives it up. It is, thus, possible that he might of its own accord, or because of the fear of unpleasant consequences that might follow, desists from the completed attempt. If this happens, he does not go beyond the limits of preparation and does not enter the arena of attempt. He is, thus at the stage of preparation which cannot be punished. 3) Impossibility Test ‘An act which is impossible to commit cannot be attempted and so it is not culpable’. In ‘Asagarali Pradhaniu v. Emperor’, what the appellant did was not an â€Å"act done towards the commission of offence†, and therefore, he could not be convicted. But in a Malaysian case the accused was held liable for an  attempt to cause abortion when the woman was not pregnant. Even the appeal court held the accused liable because the circumstances in this case seemed to be exactly covered by the illustration to section 511 IPC. The act itself is impossible of performance and yet it constitutes an offence of attempt to commit crime. This was precisely the position in English Law before Houghton v. Smith case.[20: Gaur, K. D. (1998). Indian Penal Code (2nd ed., pp. 696-707). Oxford IBH.][21: (1934) ILR 61, 64] In ‘_R v. Shivpuri’_ it has been held that, if the mental element has proceeded to commit the act but failed his responsibility for attempt would be evaluated in the light of facts as he thought them to be (putative facts).[22: (1934) ILR 61, 64] 4) Social Danger Test In order to distinguished and differentiate an act of attempt from an act of preparation the following factors are contributed. A) The seriousness of the crime attempted; B) The apprehension of the social danger involved. In this test the accused’s conduct is no examined only partially but the consequences of the circumstances and the fullness of the facts are taken into consideration. For example, A administers some drugs to a pregnant woman in order to do abortion. However, they do not produce the result. In spite of this A would be held liable for an attempt from the view point of the social danger test, as his act would cause as alarm to society causing social repercussions. 5) The Equivocality test: It is a situation wherein there are two opinions about the crime here, an attempt is an act of such a nature that it speaks for itself or that it is in itself evidence of the criminal intent with which it is done. A criminal  attempt bears criminal intent upon its face. In other words, if what is done indicates unequivocally and beyond reasonable doubt the intention to commit the offence, it is an attempt, or else it is a mere preparation. CASES The Case of _State of Maharashtra v. Mohd.Yakub_ A jeep driven by the respondent and a truck was stopped at about midnight near a bridge. The respondents started removing the bundle from the truck. At this time customs officials acting on a clue reached the spot and accosted the respondents. At the same time, the sound of a mechanized sea-crafts engine was heard near the side of the creek. Two persons from the neighbourhood were called and in their presence silver ingots were recovered from the vehicles. Respondent no-1 had a pistol, a knife and some currency notes. On the questioning it was found that the respondents were not the dealers in silver. The trial court convicted the accused u/s 135(1) (a) read with section 135(2) of the Customs Act for attempting to smuggle out of India silver ingots worth about Rs. 8 lakhs in violation of Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, the Imports and Exports (control) Act and the Custom Act. But the Additional session judge acquitted them on the ground that the facts proved by the prosecution fell short of establishing that the accused had ‘attempted’ to export silver in contravention of the Law. The High Court upheld the acquittal. The Supreme Court however allowed the appeal and set aside the acquittal.[23: (1980) 3 SCC 57] The reasoning behind the imposition of responsibility for criminal attempts has been stated to be to control dangerous conduct or person. For the commission of crime by person involves four stages viz, formation of the intention or mental element, preparation for commission of crime, acting on the basis of preparation, commission of the act resulting in an event proscribed by law. To criminalize attempts these four stages are involved but the last stage fails to complete. As stated by Kenny, criminal liability will not begin until the offender has done some act which not only manifests his mens rea but also goes some way towards carrying out it. In this regard, to commit offence of attempt mens rea, preparation and actus Reus are  necessary values but the actus Reus is failed to be completed. These values generally criminalize the attempt and impose criminal liability on the person who commits the offence of Attempt. 2. CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY Criminal conspiracy can be defined as ‘secret plan by a group of people to do something harmful or illegal’. The crime of conspiracy is comprised of an agreement between two or more persons to commit a criminal act. ‘Criminal law in some countries or for some conspiracies may require that at least one overt act must also have been undertaken in furtherance of that agreement, to constitute an offense. There is no limit on the number participating in the conspiracy and, in most countries, no requirement that any steps have been taken to put the plan into effect (compare attempts which require proximity to the full offence). For the purposes of concurrence, the actus reus is a continuing one and parties may join the plot later and incur joint liability and conspiracy can be charged where the co-conspirators have been acquitted or cannot be traced’.Conspiracy has been defined in the US as an agreement of two or more people to commit a crime, or to accomplish a legal end through illegal actions.[24: Manser, M. H., & McGauran, F. (2005). c. In Oxford learner’s pocket dictionary (3rd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.][25: Conspiracy (criminal) – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. Retrieved March 30, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)][26: Conspiracy Law & Legal Definition. Retrieved from http://definitions.uslegal.com/c/conspiracy/] Section 120A of the Indian Penal Code 1860 say that members of criminal conspirators are jointly liable for the conspiracy to commit an offence and s 120B provides the punishment in such cases.the Supreme court held in the Krishna Govind Patil v State of Maharashtra that the pre-arranged plan may develop on the spot during the course of the omission of the offence but the crucial circumstances is that it must precede the act constituting the offence. When on the shouts for help given by the complaint and the injured, others came to their rescue , all of them ran away together .the accused  in the furtherance of that common intention began to remove the cheaper and when Ram ha rakh obstructed, they beat him and the others who came to resists their attack and aggression.[27: Gaur, H. S., Desai, M. C., Kumar, G., & Sethi, R. B. (2000). The penal law of India: Being an analytical, critical & expository commentary on the Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860) as amended up to date (11th ed., pp. 1101-1131). Allahabad: Law Publishers.][28: AIR 1963 SC1413][29: Gaur, K. D. (2008). Preliminary crimes. In Criminal law: Cases and materials (5th ed., p. 237). New Delhi: LexisNexis Butterworths] According to Indian Penal Code 1860 conspiracy is a substantive offence.it exists in the very agreement. Between two or more persons to commit a criminal offence, irrespective of the further consideration whether or not the offence has actually been committed.[30: Bimbadhar Pradhan v State of Orissa AIR 1956 SC 469] Among the other inchoate offences criminal conspiracy is the most complicate one.it can also be seemed to be arbitrary. ‘If the mere intention of one person to commit crime is not criminal, why should the agreement of two people to do it make criminal? The only possible reply is that the law is fearful of numbers, and that the act of agreeing to offend is regarded as such a decisive step as to justify its own criminal sanction.'[31: Williams, G. L. (1983). The General Part. In Textbook of criminal law (2nd ed., p. 420). London: Stevens’s sons.] ACTUS REUS IN CONSPIRACY The actus Reus of criminal conspiracy is that entering to an agreement to commit crime. The mens rea of conspiracy is the intent to achieve the object of agreement. The House of Lords in Churchill v Walton held that in relation to strict offences the accused is guilty only if he knows of the circumstances. Accordingly, an agreement to commit a strict offence requires mens rea. There are mainly two types of conspiracy they are a chain conspiracy which involves communication and cooperation by individuals linked together in a vertical chain to achieve a criminal intent and next is  a network type conspiracy which involves a single person or group that serves as a hub or common core connecting various individuals or spokes. ‘Following R v Churchill [1967] HL the Law Commission reported on Conspiracy and Criminal Law Reform (Law Com no 76):†What the prosecution ought to have to prove is that the defendant agreed with another person that a course of conduct should be pursued which would result, if completed, in the commission of a criminal offence, and further that they both knew any facts they would need to know to make them aware that the agreed course of conduct would result in the commission of the offence. â€Å"This report led to the enactment of the Criminal Law Act 1977.Conspiracy imposes criminal liability on the basis of a person’s intention. This is a different harm from the commission of the substantive offence. The intention which is criminalised in the offence of conspiracy should itself be blameworthy, irrespective of the provisions of the substantive offence. A conspiracy is looking to the future. It is an agreement about future conduct. Section 1(1) Criminal Law Act 1977†³Ã¢â‚¬ ¦if a person agrees with any other person or persons that a course of conduct shall be pursued which, if the agreement is carried out in accordance with their intentions †¦ (a) will necessarily amount to or involve the commission of any offence or offences by one or more of the parties to the agreement †¦he is guilty of conspiracy to commit the offence or offences in question.† The actus Reus of conspiracy is complete in the making of an agreement in which the parties int end to carry out their agreement. The offence is complete even if the parties do not carry out their agreement. The offence is complete even if the substantive offence is not thereafter committed by any of the conspirators or by anyone else.'[32: ixthformlaw.info/01_modules/mod3a/3_10_principles/15_principles_prelim_conspiracy.htm] CRIMINAL OBJECTIVES[33: Lippmann M. (2010). Contemporary Criminal Law, 2nd Ed and Texas State Supplement for Lippmann’s Contemporary Criminal Law, 2nd Ed. Sage Pubns.] a. Modern statutes generally limit the criminal objectives of conspiracy to agreements to commit crimes b. Wharton’s Rule provides that an agreement by two persons to commit a crime requires the voluntary and cooperative actions of two persons that cannot constitute a conspiracy c. The Gebardi rule provides that an individual who is in a class of persons that are excluded from criminal liability under a statute may not be charged with a conspiracy to violate the same law. According to Indian Penal Code 1860, it contained only two provisions by which conspiracy was made punishable. Later in ‘mulcahy v r the judge ruled that A conspiracy consists not merely in the intention of two or more but in the agreement of two or more to do an unlawful act, or to doe lawful means . So longs as such a design rest in the intention, only it is not indictable. When two agree to carry it into effect, the very plot is an act in itself, and the act of each of the parties, promise against promise actus contra actum culpable of being enforced if lawful , punishable if for a criminal object or for the use of criminal means.'[34: (1860) LR 3 HL 306.] 3. ABETMENT Abetment of a crime means instigating, inciting or encouraging a crime. A person who engages in abetment of a crime is also punishable under law. An Abetment can take place in three ways they are abetment by Instigation, abetment by Conspiracy and abetment by Intentional Aiding. When an offence is committed by means of several acts, whoever intentionally cooperates in the commission of that offence by doing any one of those acts, either him or jointly with any other person an abetment happens. People who commit an abetment are titled as an abettor. ‘A person abets the doing of a thing, who- Instigates any person to do that thing; Engages with one or more other person or persons in any conspiracy for doing of fact of that thing ,if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that conspiracy ,and in order to the doing of that thing ; or Intentionally aids, by any act or illegal omission, the doing of that thing.'[35: Gaur, K. D. (2008). Preliminary crimes. In Criminal law: Cases and materials (5th ed., p. 246). New Delhi: LexisNexis Butterworths.] MENS REA IN ABETMENT It is essential to note that when considering the law relating to abetment is the requirement of mens rea as a precondition of liability.it has been held in shrilal v state of Madhya breaththat in order to convict a person of abetting the commit ion of a crime, it is absolutely necessary to connect him with those steps of the transaction which are innocent, but in some way or other, it is absolutely necessary to connect him with those steps which are criminal.[36: AIR 1953 MB 155] ABETMENT BY CONSPIRACY A person is said to be abettor when he commit offence that is entering an agreement with one or more persons to do a legal act by illegal manner. For an illustration A, a watchman of house enters in an agreement with the thief to keep open the gate of that house in night so that they might commit theft. An act or illegal omission should have taken place in pursuance of the conspiracy and in order for the commission of the conspiracy conspired for; in the latter offence , the mere agreement if it is one to commit an offence , is sufficient.to prove the charge of abetment by conspiracy , the prosecution is required to prove that the abettor has instigated the doing of a particular thing or engaged with one or more other person or persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing or intentionally aided by an act or illegal omission , doing that thing.[37: Atchuthen, P. P., Suresh, V., & Nagasaila, D. (2012). Abetment. In PSA Pillai’s Criminal law (11th ed., p. 204). New Delhi , India: LexisNexis Butterworths.] INGREDIENTS OF ABETMENT [38: Atchuthen, P. P., Suresh, V., & Nagasaila, D. (2012). Abetment. In PSA Pillai’s Criminal law (11th ed., p. 210-211). New Delhi, India: LexisNexis Butterworths.] Abetment of illegal omission is an offence Abetted act need not be committed: effect of abetment is immaterial. Person abetted need not be culpable of committing an offence Abetment of an abetment is an offence Abettor need not concert in abetment by conspiracy. CASES In _Faguna kanta Nath v state of Assam_ , One Narendra Nath was carrying paddy to sell in the market when he was obstruct by an inspector accompanied by appellant and two others and demanded Rs. 200 as bribe but he was forced to pay Rs 150 at the spot and to execute promissory note of Rs 70 in favour of the appellant. The appellant was tried and convicted under S 165A of Indian Penal Code 1860 for having abetted the Inspector for taking gratification other than legal remuneration in respect of an official act by the latter under s161. The High court maintained the conviction of the appellant. [39: AIR 1959SC 673] 4. OTHER TYPES OF INCHOATE OFFENCES: SOLICITATION AND INCITEMENT 1.SOLICITATION Literally, solicitation means â€Å"urgently asking†. It is the action or instance of soliciting; petition; proposal. In criminal law, it most commonly refers to either the act of offering goods or services, or the act of attempting to purchase such goods or services. Legal status may be specific to the time and/or place where solicitation occurs.Solicitation can also be defined as commanding, hiring, or encouraging another person to commit a crime. Solicitation usually results in a punishment slightly less severe or equivalent to the crime solicited. ‘Criminal solicitation is requesting, encouraging or demanding someone to engage in criminal conduct, with the  intent to facilitate or contribute to the commission of that crime’. [40: Solicitation – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. . Retrieved March 31, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitation][41: Solicitation – Find Law. . Retrieved March 29, 2014, from http://criminal.findlaw.com/cr iminal-charges/solicitation.html] THE CRIME OF SOLICITATION The mens rea of solicitation requires a specific intent or purpose that another individual commit a crime. The _Actus Reus_ of solicitation requires an effort to get another person to commit a crime. The crime is complete, the moment the statement requesting another to commit a crime is made. A statement justifying or hoping is not sufficient; there must be an effort to get another person to commit a crime. An individual is guilty of solicitation even in instances that a letter asking others to commit a crime is intercepted and does not reach the intended target. ELEMENTS OF SOLICITATION Though state laws vary, to be guilty of solicitation, one must request that someone else engage in criminal conduct and have an intention to engage in criminal conduct with that person. States vary as to whether the other person must receive the request, or whether the act of making the request (along with criminal intent) is enough to constitute solicitation. Some require that the other person actually receive the request. For example in case of solicitation of prostitution, this generally means that the person must communicate a request that another person engage in sex acts for compensation, and must have the intention to follow through with the request. 2. INCITEMENT In the United States, the term â€Å"solicitation† implies some part of commercial element, consideration, or payment. In some other common law countries, the situation is different where the substantive offense is not committed, the charges are drawn from incitement, conspiracy, and attempt and where the  substantive offense is committed, the charges are drawn from conspiracy, counselling and procuring, and the substantive offenses as joint principals. To an extent solicitation and incitement are similar but they are different. ‘Incitement was an offence under the common law of England and Wales. It was an inchoate offence.’ It consisted of persuading, encouraging, instigating, pressuring, or threatening so as to cause another to commit a crime. In England, The law commission in its consultation paper no. 131, assisting and encouraging crime, 1993 proposed the abolition of incitement and by new offence of encouraging crime. [42: Baker, D. J., & Williams, G. L. (2012). Textbook of criminal law. London: Sweet & Maxwell.][43: Jefferson, M. (2005). Inchoate offences. In Criminal law (7th ed., p. 370). Harlow: Pearson Longman.] INCITEMENT AND OTHER OFFENCE The rationale of incitement matches the general justification underpinning the other inchoate offences of conspiracy and attempt by allowing the police to intervene before a criminal act are completed and the harm or injury is actually caused. There is considerable overlap, particularly where two or more individuals are involved in criminal activity. The plan to commit crime may exist only in the mind of one person until others are incited to join in, at which point the social danger becomes more real. The offence overlaps the offences of counselling or procuring as an accessory. Indeed, in the early case of _R v Higgins_ incitement was defined as being committed when one person counsels, procures or commands another to commit a crime, whether that person commits the crime.[44: Incitement – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. . Retrieved March 31, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incitement] CONCLUSION An inchoate crime can also be defined as ‘A crime committed by doing an act with the purpose of affecting some other offence’. ‘In conclusion attempt can be said to be a general inchoate offense on a statutory basis and abolishing the common law offence of attempt it can also been drawn that  indictable offence can be criminally attempted .the statutory provisions should me made recognising that a criminal attempt can be committed by omission where the target offence in the circumstances of the attempt can be committed by omission .the agreement in conspiracy can be established where only one party has criminal capacity. Abolition of spousal immunity rule in conspiracy is much needed provision. Conspiracy can attach to incitement but not to attempt or conspiracy. In case of incitement the formula â€Å"command encourages requests, or otherwise seeks to influence† another to commit a crime is used to define the act of incitement. The inchoate offence with exception of attempt can be incited but charges that certain more than two layers of inchoate liability should not be constructed’. And finally inchoate offences can also be termed as Preliminary crimes or Anticipatory crime.[45: Baker, D. J., & Williams, G. L. (2012). Textbook of criminal law. London: Sweet & Maxwell.][46: Ireland. Law Reform Commission (1998). Report on privacy: Surveillance and the interception of communications. Dublin: Law Reform Commission.] REFERENCE BOOKS PSA PILLAI’S CRIMINAL LAW CRIMINAL LAW : CASES AND MATERIALS ,KD GAUR CRIMINAL LAW, MICHEAL JEFFERSON TEXTBOOK ON CRIMINAL LAW ,GLANVILLE WILLIAMS THE PENAL LAW OF INDIA, H R DESAI CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN ACTION , L K GAINES & RL MILLER CONTEMPORARY CRIMINAL LAW , MATTHEW LIPPMAN JOURNAL LAW AND SOCIAL INQUIRY-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN BAR FOUNDATION. REPORTS IRELAND LAW REFORMATION COMMISSION(1988) WEBSITES WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM WWW.FINDLAW.COM WWW.CLATHACKER.COM WWW.DEFINITIONS.USLEGAL.COM WWW.LAWNOTES.IN

buy custom The German Peasant Rebellion essay

buy custom The German Peasant Rebellion essay In the article The German Peasant Rebellion, Steven traces the origin of the peasants war not only the economic and social reasons alone. He claims that the roots of the rebellion were intertwined in religious, political and legal problems other than socio-economic reasons solely. The specific socio-economic grievance that took centre stage was the burden that was brought about by the lordship. Komneno cements this by explaining that hard labor services that they provided to their Lords, high housing rents, high tithes, poor accessibility to common resources and serfdom greatly contributed to war being sparked off (Komneno, 2008). Other reasons were high taxes, burdens that were exposed to them due to the development of new states and anticlericalism particularly after mixing with early Reformations evangelical programs. Both articles emphasize the fact that German peasants war was one of the most notable rebellions to happen in the history of modern European. Komneno observes how from 1524-1525, the peasants army shortly shattered the rule of many lords, some princes and most urban governments in what they term as the central and southern locations of the Holy Roman Empire. Thus was aimed at creation revolutionary changes as part of their political program although it did not rise achieve full potential. According to the two articles, the rebellion was not only a Germany affair but it had spread to other parts like those of modern Switzerland, France, northern Italy and Austria. The peasants rebels had a strong admiration for urban reforms and Reformation (Kreis, 2002). Another area in which both articles express similar views is the formation of political organization within the peasants. Komneno reiterates that they formed this in response to challenge the feudal lords. His counterpart, Steven, says that they formed the political origination by assembling communally. This was aggravated by the practices such as division of labor, access to common fields and crop rotation that the villagers had long organized. Due to this they intensified their activities with many rallies, the also formed bands and to some extend federations. Although both articles purely talk about the same thing, there exist some few notable differences between them in terms of their scope. In the article Germany Peasants War, 1524-1525, Steven commences by giving a brief prehistory where he explains how the administration costs rose in early medieval state in early 15th century. This he explains was because of transition in warfare that saw the rulers seek the use of expensive weapons and mercenaries other than the unpaid knights (Kreis, 2002). At the end he talks about the legacy observing that The German Peasants War aided in strengthening the relationship between Lutheran Princes and Lutheran Church because of Martin Luthers open support for authorities against the aggrieved peasants. Both of these features are not observed in Komneno article titled The German peasant rebellion of 1525 displays a slight difference in that other than discussing the political organization of the peasant, he talks about their goal that was of course, t o counter the lordship. Both sources justify the claims and demands that of the peasants by demonstrating the fact they being unfairly treated and oppressed. Komneno says that although part of the atrocities that were committed by peasants were detrimental, the massacre of Weinsberg for example, those that their enemies committed against them were worse. The peasants were later prohibited from hunting, fishing and chopping wood freely as they used to do. This was due to these common lands being taken over by the lords (Komneno, 2008). The Lords could also use the lands of the peasants as they wished. It reached a point when peasants could no not anything but helplessly wild game destroy their crops. The peasants was a justified course to fight against violation of their rights. At the end of the article, Steven observes that authorities had changed their ways and implemented better terms of taxation. They became more careful on handling the peasants as a means of averting a repeat of the revolt. Through this thhe article tries to bring out that the authorities had identified where they went wrong. The peasants languishing in poverty had no other ways of fighting the lordship, the justice was against them hence this was their only justified way to fight back. Whenever any peasant wanted to marry, he/she had to obtain permission from the lords. As if this was not enough, peasants had to a give a marriage tax before doing so. This was a form of regulation that was aimed at regulating their population and collecting the much needed revenue to run the new administrative states. The population growth also amplified the competition for land, compromising harvests in early 1520s; the lords also wanted control the population to avoid more land being used by peasants (Komneno, 2008).. Luther was against the revolts and condemned it calling for the authorities to crush the rebellion with no mercy. Only a few preachers such as Thomas Muntzer gave hope to the rebellion. Some of the peasants were also not of his idea of rejecting the Catholic practices of sacraments, the institution of monasteries and celibacy. This might be as well one of the reason why Luther wanted them demolished. . He termed the peasants as murderers stating that they went against the teachings of the Bible (Komneno, 2008). Luther was also disappointed at them because he says that they had promised to obey the law and instructions but later on they break the promise to rebel. He saw them as pretenders who practiced work of devil. He defended his act of condemning them by stating that he had to expose them for decided to go astray. Luther said that they deserved the double death of both body and for they caused chaos and robbed castles that was not theirs. I dont support Luther for his actions, his deeds was down playing the oppression they underwent in the hands of the cruel lords. Being poor, oppressed and people who the judicial system was against, they had no other way they could fight for their rights. I view their rebellion as justified because in the end, it bore fruits as some measures were put into place to avoid their being heavily taxed. Buy custom The German Peasant Rebellion essay

Difference Between Celsius and Centigrade

Difference Between Celsius and Centigrade Depending on how old you are, you might read 38 °C as 38 degrees Celsius or 38 degrees centigrade. Why are there two names for  °C and whats the difference? Heres the answer: Celsius and centigrade are two names for essentially the same temperature scale (with slight differences). The centigrade scale is divided into degrees based on dividing the temperature between which water freezes and boils into 100 equal gradients or degrees. The word centigrade comes from centi- for 100 and grade for gradients. The centigrade scale was introduced in 1744 and remained the primary scale of temperature until 1948. In 1948 the CGPM (Conference General des Poids et Measures) decided to standardize several units of measurement, including the temperature scale. Since the grade was in use as a unit (including the centigrade), a new name was chosen for the temperature scale: Celsius. Key Takeaways: Celsius vs. Centigrade The Celsius scale is a type of centigrade scale.A centigrade scale has 100 degrees between the freezing and boiling points of water.The original Celsius scale actually had a boiling point of 0 degrees and freezing point of 100 degrees. It ran in the opposite direction of the modern scale! The Celsius scale remains a centigrade scale in which there are 100 degrees from the freezing point (0 °C) and boiling point (100 °C) of water, though the size of the degree has been more precisely defined. A degree Celsius (or a Kelvin) is what you get when divide the thermodynamic range between absolute zero and the triple point of a specific type of water into 273.16 equal parts. There is a 0.01 °C difference between the triple point of water and the freezing point of water at standard pressure. Interesting Facts About Celsius and Centigrade The temperature scale created by Anders Celsius in 1742 was actually the reverse of the modern Celsius scale. Celsius original scale had water boil at 0 degrees and freeze at 100 degrees. Jean-Pierre Christin independently proposed at a temperature scale with zero at the freezing point of water and 100 was the boiling point (1743). Celsius original scale was reversed by Carolus Linnaeus in 1744, the year in which Celsius died. The centigrade scale was confusing because centigrade was also the Spanish and French term for a unit of angular measurement equal to 1/100 of a right angle. When the scale was extended from 0 to 100 degrees for temperature, centigrade was more properly hectograde. The public was largely unaffected by the confusion. Even though the degree Celsius was adopted by international committees in 1948, weather forecasts issued by the BBC continued to use degrees centigrade until February 1985!

Baroque essays

Baroque essays The Baroque Period The Baroque Art began in Italy between the sixteen hundreds and the seventeen hundreds. Classicism of the High Renaissance has been replenished during the Baroque period. During the Baroque period of art, the exploration of the fundamental components of the human nature and the realm of senses and emotions were very crucial. The Baroque era was very vast and dynamic, radiant and colorful, dramatic and intense, passionate and ardent, and sensual and overpowered by emotions. The superficial form of light was fascinated during this period due to the thoughts of godlike sun or the truth of the Holy Spirit. The Baroque naturalism maintains the religious themes in content. The elements of perception in the Baroque art are how we perceived the natural human figures are in motion through space, time, and light. We present and analyze the extent of human actions and passions in all its degrees of lightness, darkness, and intensity. One of the most well known Italian painter s from the Baroque period was Annibale Carracci. One of his famous works was from the Gallery of the Palazzo Farnese in Rome. The Farnese ceiling had a big impact in the modification of High Renaissance painting. It revives the Renaissance in human themes and emotions and the concentration of human nature and anatomy; therefore, forming a connection between the Renaissance and the Baroque. It creates the naturalistic and classical art and form in the paintings. He greatly influenced another Italian painter named Carlo Dolci, who painted Virgin and Child with Saint John the Baptist. In this painting, strong feelings and emotions are being greatly expressed without words. We see that Carraccis painting of the Farnese ceiling was painted in rich, brilliant colors, just like the Virgin and the Childs clothing in Dolcis painting. The emphasis of the human body and emotions are greatly displayed. Human nudity and beauty was also an important fac...

Why are policies in Germany so difficult to reform Essay

Why are policies in Germany so difficult to reform - Essay Example These included the modern poor relief, the Bismarckian paradigm or ‘worker policy’, protocorporatist social policy, and scientific social work. While the Bismarckian paradigm addressed workers as reliant on state policy, the proto-corporatist paradigm considered them as a partial subject. The latest measures taken by ‘conservative corporatist’ or Bismarckian welfare capitalistic regimes of Germany have not been examined through systematic comparative research (Bleses and Seeleib-Kaiser, 2004). However, literature related to welfare state change depicts the development of the Bismarckian family of welfare systems, and their distinction from other regimes. Bismarckian welfare systems confront the greatest challenges and require the most intensive changes. At the same time, there is documentary evidence of the Bismarckian welfare systems’ inability to implement essential reforms, state Palier and Martin (2007). On the other hand, Palier and Martin (2007) argue that in Germany over the last three decades, social insurance programmes have been developed, and changes incorporated in the Bismarckian welfare systems. Initially the emphasis was on raising social expenditure and social contribution towards funding a ‘labour shedding’ strategy to resolve the economic crisis. ... Two decades ago, researchers began investigating the ways in which mature welfare states including Germany, responded to those pressures. The findings indicated an absence of fundamental policy shifts, along with a significant contradiction that although structural pressurs for change could not be ignored for longer, there was relative stability in welfare state programmes. The two main approaches of historical institutionalism (Pierson 1994, 1996) and welfare regime theory (Esping-Andersen, 1990, 1999) helped to explain the continued stability inspite of the growing requirements for core changes to take place. According to these two approaches, â€Å"powerful institutional and electoral mechanisms and regime-specific characteristics prevented comprehensive reforms of European welfare states† (Stiller, 2010, p.9). At the same time, these explanations have been challenged, with increasing numbers of substantial reforms taking place across Europe, from the late 1990s onwards. Th is generated extensive research interest in the reasons and manner in which welfare state reform occurs. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the well-established Sozialstaat has undergone significant reform efforts, as seen from Katzenstein’s (2005) observation that major reform efforts related to labour markets, economic policymaking and social policy, together with partisan conflict and political stalemate, may have created a â€Å"recalibration or a dismantling of Germany’s semisovereign state† (Katzenstein, 2005, p.304). This development is significant because Germany has not demonstrated policy flexibility in the past. In fact, the country’s government had long been regarded as the key example of

Panopticism review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Panopticism review - Essay Example The tower was to be made in such a manner that only the people operating it had the vantage view of the prisoners. The prisoners could not have any clear view of their jailers. The organization of the panopticon increased the potency of power in the minds of the prisoners and made the control of the prison more efficient. In essence, the ideals of total control of the prison facility as imagined by Foucault borrowed from the quarantines against the plague as practiced in the seventeenth century (Veyne 54). The process of quarantine involved the determination of a range of processes that maintained some strict discipline in affected villages including locking people within their houses and keeping away the keys. The nature of discipline was regulated in ways that ensured easy control of the villages by the authorities. Threats of death were used to ensure compliance. Critics contend that the panopticon was modeled on the desire by the seventeenth century societies to protect civilizations from the scourge of the plague. Others contend that the objective was aimed at achieving a perfect society. Some of the issues that continue to attend to the matters of society are largely determined by the desire by central authorities to design the codes of ethics for their subjects. Such objectives often come into conflict with the theories that reinforce the need for human freedom and liberty. Critics of panopticism argue that governments do not have the moral authority to suppress the liberties and freedoms of the governed. They add that the idea of a perfect society is illusory and defeatist in nature. As such, they seek to demonstrate ways in which the processes of governance can be moderated in ways that support the free reign of the will of the governed. Within a modern context, Foucault’s panopticism could be conceptualized in terms of the structural

Case Study Of The Dsu In Operation - From Complaint To Resolution Dissertation

Case Study Of The Dsu In Operation - From Complaint To Resolution - Dissertation Example The study relies on primary qualitative data in the form case studies constructed out of selected resolved disputes by the Dispute Resolution Body, and primary quantitative data in the form of statistical profiles drawn from the summary reports of the WTO. In the analyses of the case studies and the statistical profiles, significance was drawn from the disputes between developing and developed countries, as either complainant or respondent, the success rates in the pursuit of these disputes for either side, and the agreements most often cited as bases of the disputes. These observations provided an insight into the manner of implementation of the DSU procedures, in so far as it affects the balance between developing and developed countries. Aside from providing commentary on the implementation of the dispute settlement process, the study also examined the provisions of the DSU and the process as it was envisioned. The findings show that the DSU provisions manifested an intention to create a procedural advantage in favour of developing countries in the creation of a legal structure in dispute settlement, mandating reverse consensus, and setting of deadlines to expedite the process. Deficiencies are still seen, however, in terms of the cost of dispute settlement, the need for expert knowledge of procedure, lack of standards in setting the duration of reasonable time for compliance, and the perceived inadequacies of trade retaliation and other remedial measures. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 1.1 Background of the research 5 1.2 Statement of the research objective 7 1.3 Research questions 7 1.4 Criteria for evaluation 8 1.5 Significance of the research objective 9 1.6 Scope and limitations 9 Chapter 2: History and background 11 2.1 International Trade Law 11 2.2 International Dispute Settlement 13 Chapter 3: Analysis of the WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures 15 3.1 The Dispute Settlement Procedure 15 3.2 Functioning of Dispute Settlement Body under WTO 19 3.3 Aim of the dispute settlement procedure 20 3.4 Commentary on the dispute settlement implementation 22 3.5 Examination of the application of Article 21.5 24 3.6 Effectiveness of trade retaliation measures: the inadequacy of remedies 27 3.7 Effectiveness of compensation measures 31 Chapter 4: Developing Countries and WTO dispute settlement procedure 36 4.1 Developing country defined 37 4.2 Uruguay Round reforms in favour of developing countries 38 4.3 Provisions that fav our developing countries. 41 4.4 Issues in the implementation of DSU involving developing countries 43 4.5 Two case studies involving disputes between developing and developed countries 48 4.6 Profiles of disputes between developing and developed (industrialized) countries 52 4.7 Analysis of the foregoing data 63 4.8 Comparison between dispute resolution under the GATT and under WTO-DSU 66 Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusion 68 5.1 Summary of findings 68 5.2 Conclusion 74 5.3 Recommendations for future research 74 Bibliography 76 Appendix A 79 Summary Table of Cases and Results 79 Appendix B 86 Table of Cases with Determination of â€Å"Reasonable Period of Time† 86 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background of the research Globalization is probably one of the most contentious concepts in the present-day political-economic landscape.1 Both extolled and disparaged, global trade has both its merits and its pitfalls; whether one is in favour of it or not, however, is no longer the que stion, as most countries have committed to liberalized international trade by virtue of their accession as signatories to multilateral trade agreements that promote global trade and commerce. The question now is the manner in which global trade must be

Management Information System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Management Information System - Research Paper Example Internet is the interconnection of networks across the world which connects computers to servers hence linking the billions of people around the world. The internet which begun in the 1970s has continued to experience tremendous growth in technology and clientele base. Internet is provided by the internet service providers which offer connection to designated internet domains. Sending of information though the internet is a complex process that most people who are not computer technocrats cannot understand. However, the simple explanation is that each computer has an Internet Protocol Address which is unique to that computer. Once information is sent through the internet, it has to be decomposed sending information to the designated address and then reassembled when it reaches the designation and the process is repeated over again with information sought. This process happens so fast that people do not even notice (Laudon & Laudon, 2014). Internet users connect to the internet through the three different domain name system: top-level, second-level and third-level domains. With each domain level, the information is narrowed down to the specifics of the information searched. The top-level domain includes government level, organizational level, and education among other which are abbreviated with .com or .org among others. It is at the third level that information is refined to the main search words. Some of the common internet services include emails, transferring files, having news groups and using the World Wide Web to send or retrieve information such as graphics and texts. The most common internet usage is the chatting and sending of instant messages commonly the social media (Abbate, 2000). The internet with all its glory and numerous advantages also has its own disadvantages. People have the freedom to load in any information on the internet which can then be accessed by others

PESTEL and Porter Five Forces Analysis for the Metro Bank Essay

PESTEL and Porter Five Forces Analysis for the Metro Bank - Essay Example PESTEL and Porter Five Forces Analysis for the Metro Bank The topic of the present essay is Metro Bank PLC - a retail bank operating in the United Kingdom. It outlines the basic forces which are favorable to the banking industry in general and to Metro Bank specifically. Among such Legal, Technological, Socio-cultural, Economic and Political forces are discussed. The second part of the paper presents the PESTEL analysis of the bank in question. The threat of new entrants, power of customers, competition in the industry, power of suppliers and threat of substitutes are analyzed. The improved economic performance of the UK’s economy after the 2008 to 2010 economic recession has given businesses including banks a new lease of the life as the economic situation are favorable meaning that there is high likelihood of generating substantial amounts of profits. Yet, it must be understood that this recovery is limited and might take over a decade in order to come to a complete level of fruition. By much the same token, the nascent recovery itself could be called into question by even a simple market fluctuation in the very near future. Socio-cultural force According to Chrystal and Mizen (2006), UK is a host to some of the oldest and world-renowned banks, which means that the culture of banking pre-exists amongst the British people and therefore, Metro Bank is likely to perform well since this force favors its business. As has previously been specified, the level and extent to which trust is exhibited in the system has a profound level of sociocultural importance. Due to the impact of the lost trust associated with the bailouts that took place several years ago, a significantly reduced level of consumer confidence exist with regards to the banking industry and any further action that might seek to revive this lost trust can severely impair the manner through which such a service would be offered. Technological forces The UK as a country is largely driven by technology and the banking industry has greatly embraced information technology meaning that for Metro Bank to compete effectively it has to integrate IT within its business processes (Chrystal and Mizen, 2006). Technological forces that could be evidenced have to do with the fact of the rapid technological change that the sweeping each and every industry in the market. In such a way, the technological threat could be with respect to an entirely new platform or paradigm shift with regards to the banking industry and the inability of the entity in question to rapidly integrate with this paradigm shift and provide services to the consumer base accordingly. However, by the same token, if the service provider/bank is able to integrate with a new level of technology in an efficient manner prior to the competition, this could provide a noted benefit and exponentially increase the level of service provision that it could accomplish. Legal forces After the 2008 to 2010, Chrystal and Mizen (2006) stated that legal regulations in the UK’s banking industry have increased drastically but since Metro Bank was issued with a license it means that it was able to abide by the laid down legal requirements. Of all of the information that is thus far been engaged, the legal threats, strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities that exist for a given banking entity are perhaps the most important. Due to the fact that a simple law for an enti re combination of laws in the form of parliamentary legislation could adversely impact the way in which profitability, this potential for change is the most impactful of all of the others which have been discussed. Analysis of

Management Information System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Management Information System - Research Paper Example Internet is the interconnection of networks across the world which connects computers to servers hence linking the billions of people around the world. The internet which begun in the 1970s has continued to experience tremendous growth in technology and clientele base. Internet is provided by the internet service providers which offer connection to designated internet domains. Sending of information though the internet is a complex process that most people who are not computer technocrats cannot understand. However, the simple explanation is that each computer has an Internet Protocol Address which is unique to that computer. Once information is sent through the internet, it has to be decomposed sending information to the designated address and then reassembled when it reaches the designation and the process is repeated over again with information sought. This process happens so fast that people do not even notice (Laudon & Laudon, 2014). Internet users connect to the internet through the three different domain name system: top-level, second-level and third-level domains. With each domain level, the information is narrowed down to the specifics of the information searched. The top-level domain includes government level, organizational level, and education among other which are abbreviated with .com or .org among others. It is at the third level that information is refined to the main search words. Some of the common internet services include emails, transferring files, having news groups and using the World Wide Web to send or retrieve information such as graphics and texts. The most common internet usage is the chatting and sending of instant messages commonly the social media (Abbate, 2000). The internet with all its glory and numerous advantages also has its own disadvantages. People have the freedom to load in any information on the internet which can then be accessed by others

Internet Research Project Topics (in US business law) Essay

Internet Research Project Topics (in US business law) - Essay Example limitations on punitive damages has the potential to wreak economic havoc by driving corporation after corporation out of the marketplace and, in so doing, discouraging business investments. From the ethical perspective, the issue is important both as regards corporations and consumers. As far as corporations are concerned, liability laws are intended to regulate corporate behaviour and ensure responsibility for their products and towards their customers. The threat of punitive damages arguably contributes to greater ethical compliance where corporations are concerned. Where consumers are concerned, however, the ethics of the issue assumes a very different hue. This is because consumers are becoming increasingly litigation minded and, indeed, more and more are seeking to profit by suing corporations and from punitive damage awards. A cap or limitation on the amount of damages which can be rewarded will curtail this tendency and contribute to the re-affirmation of punitive damages as a regulatory mechanism designed to ensure corporate responsibility. Added to the aforementioned, the issue is of particular significance to me since my father and I have corporate business interests in the United States. Even while recognizing that it is not a credible source which can possibly be included in this study, I commenced the research by accessing the Wikipedia website. The reason for doing so is that the said website provides concise overviews of topics, giving readers a sense of both sides of an argument. Reading through Corporate Liability and Punitive Damages on Wikipedia provided me with a good introduction to the topic and helped me identify possible search terms (Wikipedia, 2008). Following Wikipedia, I logged onto Google and executed a search for â€Å"corporate liability punitive damages.† Close to a quarter of a million results were returned. One of these was an article linked to a website titled Palm Beach Bar (http://plambeachbar.org). An exploration

Returning to College Essay Example for Free

Returning to College Essay At the beginning of 2013 I had a discussion with my co worker about returning back to school, and the I was indecisive on what I wanted to major in. So she suggested that I do online courses, and major in Organizational Management since I wanted to become a manager within the company I am currently employed. She referred me to Ashford University, and I must say that I am very happy that she referred me to this university because it works perfectly with my work schedule. In 2002 I was accepted into Lemoyne Owens University back in Memphis,  Tennessee to major in Child Development and Education because I wanted to be a elementary school teacher. I did not attend the university because the university wanted my parents to pay more in tuition than what they were offering me in Financial Aid. At the time student loans was not an option for me for I decided to attend a Junior College instead. My first year and a half at Laney Junior College I took cosmetology classes because Laney did not offer Child Development courses and the other junior colleges classes were full. I graduated with my Associates Degree in Cosmetology in 2004, and  returned to receive my Associates Degree in Business Administration. Although I started off taking business courses I ended up switching my major to receive my Associates Degree in Liberal Arts, because it would have taken 3 years to receive my degree in business admin. Once I graduated in 2006 with my Liberal Arts degree I decided not to go back to school after that although I wanted to. I decided to put all of my effort into my 3 job, until 7 years down the line one of my co workers who is also a student at Ashford University convinced me to return to school to get my Bachelor’s Degree. Returning back to school was frequently on my mind but I did not know how to fit it in with my busy work schedule, and I felt that my writing skills were not up to the college level like they should be. Obtaining a higher degree is very important to me because it can possibly help me in the long run career wise. I would love to own my own business some day, particularly my own day care center. I also would like to be an accountant and possibly have my own accounting business. There are times that I feel that my job gets in the way of me completing my school work. So I try to set time aside each day to complete at least one discussion each day and try to complete my assignments and responses over the weekend. There are things that tend to get in the way of those plans so I just end up staying up late to complete my work. I try my hardest not to let any obstacles get in my way but I can’t predict my life and each step as much as I wish that I could. I plan on graduating next year with my Bachelor’s in Organizational Management and then try to obtain my degree in Accounting. Returning back to school has so far been one of my best life decisions thus.

Relationship Between Hearing Loss and Ageing

Relationship Between Hearing Loss and Ageing For several years hearing loss has been related that come with aging. It is thought that as we age our auditory perception conventionally commences to fail. Health care professionals thought that failure was a product of our individual age, such that as we grow old our auditory perception ability lowers. It defines as â€Å"Presbycusis (age-related hearing loss) is the loss of hearing that gradually occurs in most individuals as they grow older. Hearing loss is a common disorder associated with aging and is ranked as the third most prevalent chronic condition in elderly people after hypertension and arthritis.† (Shemesh, 2010) Deafness is a â€Å"heterogeneous condition with far-reaching effects on social, emotional, and cognitive development.† (Fellinge,2012). In socio-cultural context, social and medical model both advises that deafness also has cultural and social meaning and that the negative effects of deafness is due to sociocultural problem, such as discriminatio n and barriers to access, as well as physiological disorders. Alternative ideas of deafness are available and can help the client to change positively to the diagnosis and later therapeutic and educational approaches. Deaf culture has a long history of domination and downgrading; its strength as a social network derives from deaf people having been thoroughly excluded from hearing culture, from education and professions. (Garden, 2010). In my client evidence who are deaf or hard of hearing capability difficulties such as communication stress, and unsupportive supervisors, which isolate them from community. The reason for selecting this topic is that being a nursing student, my client has listening problem and this may affect her psychological health so that she is associated with depression, social isolation, poor self-esteem, feelings of loneliness, and frustration . (Dewane, 2010) (American Academy of Audiology). That client also difficulty in explaining and sharing their problems. This paper will clarify ethical issues regarding hearing loss, its impact on patient’s mental health, interventions during hearing loss and alternatives. However, in our culture, nurses are expected to respect patient’s rights and treat them with dignity. During the clinical at St Vincent Nursing Home, I encountered an 83 year old female patient. She has a comorbid of angina attack, hypertension, and diabetic. She done only inter because her father was an engineer and migrate from place to place. She has 4 children, 2 sons were expired due to medical illness and 1 daughter is an abort and one son is also. She was a teacher in past. She has a problem for hearing (unilateral). When first day I sit with my client so she said to me that I never get socialized because all people talk very softly so I am not able to listen. She also stated that I feel embarrassed when I ask the questions again and again. So it’s better to sit in a room rather than disturbing others. I have also a problem for sharing my feeling to others. I spend more time in reading short story as well as religious books. I play cards and talk my son and daughter once a week. From the analysis of the scenario, in ethical issue that characterizes the topic is beneficence, nomaleficence, autonomy; fairness, integrity, and respect are found in the ethical codes. While these professional and legal fundamentals can detailed as sometimes to look severe and in practice they do not cover all situations. Nomaleficence (don’t harm) discusses to avoid injuring, distressing, hurting, harming, or causing a negative outcome. The opposite, beneficence (do good) are most possible to be helpful and to lead to a good effect. Autonomy (self-determination) is a really important consideration for clients, including informed consent and lack of pressure. Justice indicates that professionals treat clients fairly and do not engage in. Fidelity (faithfulness concern) is a symbol of the professional relationship. In general, mental health work with deaf people involves the same ethical principles. Ethical problems and possible solutions may affect deaf clients differently t han hearing clients. (Gutman, 2005). The theoretical framework used was Mishels theory of uncertainty in illness is a good theory to use in order to prevent uncertainty by using a good communication. These theories is a part of communications and caring and Swanson as well as Kolbaca is discussing important things about comfort and caring which is actually connected to communication. (Mattjus, 2012). In people with specific needs (refer appendices A). Occasionally hearing loss effects on mental health like depression and other disorder can occur. Inability to hear can result in feelings of shame. It is embarrassing to unable to behave according to appropriate social rules. The feeling of shame related to hearing from older adults unconsciously reacting in untimely and socially unacceptable ways, such as answering to a misunderstood question in an incorrect manner. Many elders with hearing loss take responsibility for ineffective communication and blame themselves for misconstructions caused by the hearing loss. Various feel apologetic about perpetually asking for others avail to understand what is being verbalized and when theyre unable to participate in convivial events (Dewane, 2010). In my case same point of view of my client misunderstanding creates problem. Persons with hearing loss to have impaired on ADLs. An important aspect of everyday life, can be seriously impaired with hearing loss. These difficulties with communication could lead to a perceived reduction in quality of life. (Dalton Cruickshank’s, 2003) Furthermore, if hearing loss is occur in patient should get high-quality nursing care, first do assessment (refers appendices B). Interview people with disability like hearing loss client (refers appendices C). Ability to communicate well and maintain good eye contact. Reduce the anxiety of a client. It is important that patients with hearing disabilities could express their needs, desires, feelings and opinions in communication with health care professionals. (Hornakova Hudakova, 2013). Listen the client actively and provide a moral support. When speaking to the client, increase volume of the voice, but don’t increase the pitch and don’t shout in front of client. Speak into the â€Å"good† ear, being to stay at a distance of 2 to 3 feet. Articulate words carefully, speak slowly, and rephrase if necessary. (Meiner Lueckenotte, 2006). Reduce background noise by turning off the radio or television. Write the words in note pad if client is not understanding throug h verbal. Sign language or speech reading may be used with impaired hearing. (Roach, 2001). People with hearing loss use of hearing devices, such as hearing aids. (WHO, 2014). They can also benefit from speech therapy, aural rehabilitation and other related services. (WHO, 2014). Enhance the client activity as well as sit with client in group and remove the isolation and depression fear towards her problem which I had done my clinical rotation. In the conclusion hearing loss in older age people is common because of increase in age. Reduce the anxiety fear towards loss of hearing power. Family and society should accept that client. It is recommended that respect and dignity of clients should remain paramount at all times. As a health care professional, we should encourage the client to get socialized. We tried to find out whether the future health care professionals successfully handle the difficulties of professional communication with deaf patients. The focus has been placed on a successful and effective communication with the client.

The Great Gatsby Essay -- Great Gatsby Fitzgerald Papers

The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby belongs to what Harold Bloom tags the â€Å"tomb† of literary archetypes, a family of fiction that espouses every facet of the expressive use of language (everything from Shakespeare’s plays to Dickens’ prose). As a participant in this tomb, The Great Gatsby has adopted a convenient persona in the world of twentieth century literature as â€Å"the great American novel,† a work that embodies the American thematic ideals of the self-made man, the great American character—Jay Gatsby. In its infancy, the novel received only a taste of the â€Å"epic grandeur† that it would later accumulate. Snubbed by certain critics for its all-too-perfect design and shrugged aside by the popular masses, The Great Gatsby was a feat of fiction that, in its time, never knew its fame. The Roots of a Novel: In the Spring of 1924, The Fitzgeralds left for France. There, F. Scott Fitzgerald hoped to indulge his literary appetite without distraction. He wrote The Great Gatsby during the summer and fall in Valescure near St. Raphael, having conceived the story much before then. (Matthew J. Bruccoli considers the final draft the product of a three-year process of evolution that included revisions at a stage when most other writers are finished with their work.) During the winter of 1924-25, The Fitzgeralds traveled to Rome to revise the novel. They were on en route to Paris when it was first published on April 10, 1925. Commercially, the novel was a huge disappointment. The first printing of 20,870 copies at 2 dollars a piece sold slowly, exploding any hopes of reaching Fitzgerald’s desired 75,000 mark. A second printing of 3,000 copies was ordered in August—many ... ...ribner Paperback Fiction : Simon and Schuster; New York; 1992; Pg. 202. [2] Scribner III, Pg. 203). [3] Bruccoli, Pg. 221. [4] http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/fitzgeraldbio.html [5] Bruccoli, Pg. 2221. [6] Mencken, H. L.; My Life As Author and Editor; Alfred A. Knopf; New York; 1993, Pg. 260. [7] Bruccoli, Matthew J.; Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald; Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers; New York; 1981; Pg. 221. [8] Bruccoli; Pg. 221. [9] Bruccoli; Pg. 221. [10] Bruccoli, Pg. 220. [11] Bruccoli, Pg. 220. [12] Bruccoli, Pg. 221-222. [13] Scribner III; Pg. 204. [14] Bruccoli, Pg. 494. [15] Bruccoli, Pg. 494. [16] Bruccoli, Pg. 494. [17] Bruccoli, Matthew J.; The Great Gatsby : â€Å"Preface†; Scribner Paperback Fiction : Simon and Schuster; New York; 1992; Pg. ix. [18] Scribner III, Pg. 204. The Great Gatsby Essay -- Great Gatsby Fitzgerald Papers The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby belongs to what Harold Bloom tags the â€Å"tomb† of literary archetypes, a family of fiction that espouses every facet of the expressive use of language (everything from Shakespeare’s plays to Dickens’ prose). As a participant in this tomb, The Great Gatsby has adopted a convenient persona in the world of twentieth century literature as â€Å"the great American novel,† a work that embodies the American thematic ideals of the self-made man, the great American character—Jay Gatsby. In its infancy, the novel received only a taste of the â€Å"epic grandeur† that it would later accumulate. Snubbed by certain critics for its all-too-perfect design and shrugged aside by the popular masses, The Great Gatsby was a feat of fiction that, in its time, never knew its fame. The Roots of a Novel: In the Spring of 1924, The Fitzgeralds left for France. There, F. Scott Fitzgerald hoped to indulge his literary appetite without distraction. He wrote The Great Gatsby during the summer and fall in Valescure near St. Raphael, having conceived the story much before then. (Matthew J. Bruccoli considers the final draft the product of a three-year process of evolution that included revisions at a stage when most other writers are finished with their work.) During the winter of 1924-25, The Fitzgeralds traveled to Rome to revise the novel. They were on en route to Paris when it was first published on April 10, 1925. Commercially, the novel was a huge disappointment. The first printing of 20,870 copies at 2 dollars a piece sold slowly, exploding any hopes of reaching Fitzgerald’s desired 75,000 mark. A second printing of 3,000 copies was ordered in August—many ... ...ribner Paperback Fiction : Simon and Schuster; New York; 1992; Pg. 202. [2] Scribner III, Pg. 203). [3] Bruccoli, Pg. 221. [4] http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/fitzgeraldbio.html [5] Bruccoli, Pg. 2221. [6] Mencken, H. L.; My Life As Author and Editor; Alfred A. Knopf; New York; 1993, Pg. 260. [7] Bruccoli, Matthew J.; Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald; Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers; New York; 1981; Pg. 221. [8] Bruccoli; Pg. 221. [9] Bruccoli; Pg. 221. [10] Bruccoli, Pg. 220. [11] Bruccoli, Pg. 220. [12] Bruccoli, Pg. 221-222. [13] Scribner III; Pg. 204. [14] Bruccoli, Pg. 494. [15] Bruccoli, Pg. 494. [16] Bruccoli, Pg. 494. [17] Bruccoli, Matthew J.; The Great Gatsby : â€Å"Preface†; Scribner Paperback Fiction : Simon and Schuster; New York; 1992; Pg. ix. [18] Scribner III, Pg. 204.